The phresponsive electrode is usually glass, and the reference is usually a mercurymercurous chloride calomel electrode, although a silversilver chloride. It is often incased in glass and has a disk that rotates that. Total organic carbon toc is an indirect measure of organic molecules present in water and measured as carbon. Meter wiring diagrams for low voltage meter stations for in whangarei and kaipara. Gas flows by the heated flow sensor and molecules of the gas transport heat away, the sensor cools, and energy is lost. To lay down the procedure to perform the operation and calibration of ph meter.
These blades impart a tangential velocity or swirl to liquids, gases or vapors. The mechanism and working of this instrument are mentioned in this video. The basic principle of the ph meter is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions. When the diagnostic tool is unplugged, the meter should display a current from 0 to 5 na. Electrical energy meters principles and applications. Oiml publications may be downloaded from the oiml web site in the form of pdf files. In principle the working of the two types is based on the same theory and can be outlined as mentioned below. You calibrate a ph meter by dipping it into buffers test solutions of known ph and adjust the meter accordingly.
A number of such meters have been developed since the early eighties by research organizations, meter manufacturers, oil and gas production companies and others. What are the working principles of micro meter screw guage. Toc analyzer working principle instrumentation tools. Comparing measurement principles for alcohol, extract and co. The meter is provided with a field to which entries can be made for this purpose ct or vt factor. In most cases the three probes are combined in one electrode figure 2. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. When the meter is first turned on, it should display ph and c.
If not, press mode until you get to the right display on the screen. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. If the velocity at any point decreases, the pressure at that point increases due to the conservation of the kinetic energy into pressure energy. Why we do not directly calculate power factor in an ac circuit just by dividing the power with product of current and voltage because these readings can. An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or machine. Your comparative measurement shows different values than the online meter. Figure 3 application of a linear magnetic field gradient in the vertical direction.
Csf flow of greater than 18 mlmin suggests idiopathic nph. Principle of ph meter or ph sensor ph meter basically works on the fact that interface of two liquids produces a electric potential which can be measured. A mass flow meter operating on the coriolis principle contains a vibrating tube in which a fluid flow causes changes in frequency, phase shift or amplitude. A ph meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogenion activity in waterbased solutions, indicating its acidity or basicity expressed as ph. Multifunctional smart meter is a hightech product developed in recent years on the basis of electronic meter. Metering data management system a system used in the recording and processing of data gathered from. Conductance to outflow of csf in normal pressure hydrocephalus. What is the thermal mass flow meter working principle. This guide to ph measurement has been produced to accompany the latest development in laboratory ph technology. Handbook of multiphase flow metering page 4 of 1 1. The electrode should be in solution when it is measuring ph. Jun 23, 20 for the best answers, search on this site hi this question does not ask one important factor is it still a moving iron magnet meter which just uses resistors as the method of measuring current and voltage like the old model 8 avo as they are the basic analogue style meter passive type or the reactive type which is the more modern electronic type which uses amplifiers. Grids, guides, and measurements in pdfs, adobe acrobat. When out of solution, it should be in standby mode.
Non ferromagnetic flowtube non conductive liner excitation coils. The qmeter is an instrument designed for the measurement of qfactor of the coil as well as for the measurement of electrical properties of coils and capacitors. At the bottom of the probe there is a bulb,the bulb is sensitive part of a probe that contains the sensor. A uniformly tapered flow tube, a float, and a measurement scale. This instrument operates on the principle of series resonance i. Introduction the need for multiphase flow measurement in the oil and gas production industry has been evident for many years. Density is a function of both temperature and pressure. The thermal mass meter measures gas flow based on the concept of convective heat transfer. The working principle, types, and applications of a. How a ph meter works a ph meter is actually quite a complicated device. If one uses one kilowatt in onehour duration, one unit of energy gets consumed. Jan 03, 20 a ph meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is.
In simplest form, the pitot tube consists of a glass tube, bent at right. Overview of flowmeter models matheson offers a complete line of variable area flowmeters to meet your application requirements. Normal pressure hydrocephalus nph is a syndrome of gait dysfunction and. The multiphase meter is supported by fieldwatch software that enable post processing of measurement data to allow for well testing without complete pvt data available at the time of testing the well. Types of energy meters and their working principles. Because the thin glass bulb allows mainly the agile and small hydrogen ions to interact with the glass, the glass electrode measures the electrochemical potential of hydrogen ions or the. In practice, closedchannel flow is normally encountered between treatment units in a wastewater treatment plant, where liquids andor sludges are pumped under pressure. This is also known as energy meter which is used in developing electrical and electronic projects kits by different technologies. The operations of this useful laboratory instrument is based on the familiar. This booklet explains the principles behind the measurement and discusses ways of avoiding common pitfalls. Therefore, even if there is a power failure and reconnection is needed, it will not affect the previous setting parameters.
The intelligent electronic meter is mainly composed of electronic components, its working principle is through the realtime sampling of user power supply voltage and current, and then use. A rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed tube rotameter. The current meter with conical cups is more popular because of its accuracy and efficient working. It is used in domestic and industrial ac circuit for measuring the power consumption.
Eg series magnetostrictive level t ransmitter is built based on the principle of magnetic field strength of two dif ferent directions sending out a signal to determine the exact level of the medium. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In this way contamination of the buffer is minimized. Never touch the bulb by hand and clean it with the help of an absorbent tissue paper with very soft hand,being careful not to rub the tissue against. Unstable or noisy readings, drifting values or offscale readings.
The atraction between the magnet and the magnetic steel pulls the two together. A ph meter is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. The meter should display a current between 680 to 720 na. The major theory streams proposed for the pathogenesis of nph can be divided. Keep the electrode in solution as much as possible even when not measuring ph.
What is the working principle of energy meters measure. If the reading is calculated from the hourly data, it must be ensured that it matches with the readings displayed on the meter. Resilience measurement principles fsin technical series no. Also, if the meter locks up, try replacing the batteries. Magmeter history and working principle the development of robust and superior magmeters for common industrial applications presents major challenges to designers and engineers. When the ph probe is in contact with a solution a potential forms between the ph probe and the reference probe figure 4. Fundamentally, a ph meter consists of a voltmeter attached to a phresponsive electrode and a reference unvarying electrode. Often these are different devices attached with a cable, as shown in figure 1 for a meter and probe sold by american marine pinpoint brand. Its composition and working principle are very different from the traditional induction meter. Usbr water measurement manual chapter 10 current meters. Nov, 2014 the meters are also intrinsically and essentially self cleaning in view of the fact that the flow of liquid or gas amid the tube wall and the float offers a scouring action which daunts the upsurge of foreign material. If the probe is in the longterm storage bottle, remove it and cap the bottle see last page for details. Sop for calibration of ph meter and product ph measurement. They provide a simple, precise and economical means of indicating flow rates in fluid systems.
Connect the meter with the atc temperature diagnostic tool pn. The ph meter measures the voltage and uses a temperaturedependent factor to convert the voltage to ph. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral aqueduct. This detection principle is further explained in the following paragraphs. Oct 18, 2015 ph meter design and working principle 1. Fundamental principles of diaphragm meters presented by. The working principle of multifunctional smart meter. Rotameter working principle animation instrumentationtools. So, it was all about the working of rotameter flow meter which is regarded as the most useful industrial material. A brief overview of ph definition, principles, and methods of measurement as well as of some applications in environmental, biological, and food chemistry are presented. Basically, magnetic pulloff gages use a magnet, a calibrated spring, and a scale. The different methods for measurement of cout are discussed, and a theory on the pathophysiology of nph is proposed. Toc analyzer working principle total organic carbon toc measurement is commonly used to determine the degree of organic contamination in water. Sizing conductors and selecting protection devices legrand.
To prepare the meat product for testing, mix a product and distilled water in a 1. A device used to measure the pressure at any point in a fluid, manometers are also used to measure the pressure of gas and air. T ransmantle pressure gradient theory was proposed by. Insulin is a hormone normally produced by the pancreas. Because the cell has high internal resistance, the ph meter must have a very high input impedance. Switch the meter on after connecting the ph electrode and the temperature prob. A mas s flow meter operating on the corioli s principle c ontain s a v ibra ting tube i n which a fluid flow caus es changes i n frequen c y, phase s hift or am plitude. Imagers developed for medical applications, the mr multiphase flow meter is capable of producing an image of the spatial distribution of hydrogen protons inside the pipe. This article is about watthour meter circuit and its working principles.
When rinse electrode with water, blot the water off gently using kimwipes especially around tip of electrode. The most common type is more properly known as a kilowatthour meter or a joule meter. It is the degree of closeness with which the instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity to be measured. Porosity of the glass membrane decreases with the continuous use that decreases the performance of the probe. What is the working principle of a ph meter answers. Without the ability to measure, it would be impossible to account for the flow of gas from receipt to delivery. Alternatives to the glass electrode are available but are seldom used as they have other drawbacks, e. Jun 15, 2018 the main principle of working of weston type frequency meter is that when an current flows through the two coils which are perpendicular to each other, due to these currents some magnetic fields will produce and thus the magnetic needle will deflects towards the stronger magnetic field showing the measurement of frequency on the meter. The probe is a key part of a ph meter,it is a rod like structure usually made up of glass. When the meter is lowered in water and when it faces the current of water in the channel the wheel rotates. With an appropriate instrument measurements may be made on threephase, as well as singlephase. Pdf updated physiology and pathophysiology of csf circulation. Measurement of velocity by currentmeter with diagram.
A ph meter measures essentially the electrochemical potential between a known liquid inside the glass electrode membrane and an unknown liquid outside. Inductance and capacitance measurements c voltage source r limiting amplifier dc voltmeter phase detector in this scheme, we measure the phase difference between the input voltage, vin and the voltage across the series resistance. The sage flow meters are available in either inline flow bodies or insertionstyle. An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to a residence or business. Includes single phase, 2 phase supply, 3 phase supply, multiple installations, distributed generationalternative energy and typical equipment dimensions. Working principle of a q meter, electrical engineering.
The greater this concentration of hydrogen ions, the stronger the acid is. Two disadvantages of glass electrodes are that measuring solutions can damage the glass membrane and that the glass membrane is easily broken. As i prefer the magnetic type ill try to put into words its principle of operation. It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters, which measure flow rate by allowing the crosssectional area the fluid travels through, to vary, causing a measurable effect. Meter wiring diagrams for the northpower network northpower. Request pdf measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow at the cerebral. Symbol of power meter the traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamics instrument. It denotes the extent to which we approach the actual value of the. The formal definition of ph is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. Remove the protective cap from the electrode, clean the electrode with demineralised water and make it dry with tissue paper, then immerse the electrode and temperature probe into the beaker containing ph7 buffer. As shown in the drawing to the right, magmeters consist of the following elements.
Also explain the factors that cause errors during a q factor measurement. Manual of petroleum measurement standards complete set. One advantage of these current meters is direct analog reading of velocity. For ph meters to be accurate, they have to be properly calibrated the meter is accurately translating voltage measurements into ph measurements, so they usually need testing and adjusting before you start to use them.
Laboratory density and concentration meters armgate. Here, the magnitude of the amplifier is not a critical factor, its gain should be large. A ph meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. The ph meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a ph electrode and a reference electrode, and so the ph meter is sometimes referred to as a potentiometric ph meter. The energy is the total power consumed and utilised by the load at a particular interval of time. These current meters can also measure crossflow and are directional. May 15, 2018 before we introduce various types of power factor meters it is very essential to understand what are the needs of power factor meter.
So, per turn of the thread there is a set distance moved. The meter body has a set of blades welded at the inlet, called the swirler. The working principle of these meters is the same as the pipeline electromagnetic flowmeter, which is more fully described in chapter 14. Louis mo 63122 introduction diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by the bodys inability to produce insulin or to properly utilize insulin. The working principle of an electronic energy meter is a device that measures the electronic energy consumed usually in kwh. You can change the unit of measurement and color used in the ruler. Overall ph meter principle of ph sensor and ph meter depends upon the exchange of ions from sample solution to inner solution ph 7 buffer of glass electrode through the glass membrane. Principle of ph meter pdf download steel pereza regaeton.
So energy meters measure the rapid voltage and curren. A control valve may be added if flow control is also desired. This variable area principle consists of three basic elements. Rating is available when the video has been rented. International recommendations, documents, guides and basic. Utilities are one of the electrical departments, which install these instruments at every place like homes, industries, organizations, commercial buildings to charge for the electricity consumption by loads such as lights, fans, refrigerator, and other home appliances. Double chronometry for api meter proving as described in api mpms chapter 4.
The mr images were displayed in a closedloop cine format. Principles, techniques, and clinical applications of phasecontrast magnetic resonance cerebrospinal fluid imaging. Ph meter, electric device used to measure hydrogenion activity acidity or alkalinity in solution. An induc tor is connected to the q meter coil terminals and resonated at the mea surement frequency, the q and tuning capacitance, q and c1, are read, the sample foils are then connected tothe q meter cap terminals ai. Working principle of ph sensor electrode and ph meter used in quality control and manufacturing area. The arm through which fluid flows away from the axis of rotation. Three basic approaches to the measurement of cerebral blood flow. The fluid is then accelerated by a reduction in the meter body bore. Swirl meter the principle of operation of a swirl flowmeter is as follows. Mobile well testing with roxar 2600 multiphase meters installed in trucks or fixed well testing installations is a common application. When there is mass flow, there is some twisting of the tubes. Aug 01, 2017 a2a all micrometers have same operating principle and that is a calibrated screw thread. Energy meter or watthour meter is an electrical instrument that measures the amount of electrical energy used by the consumers.
A sphygmomanometer, a type of manometer, is commonly used to. In addition to water meters based on mechanical principles, this part. Power factor meters electrodynamometer type power factor meter. The glass electrode is an half cell and the calomel electrode is another half cell. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts. Figure 21 shows separate measuring and reference electrodes. It is applicable to ph meter installed in the quality control department. The basic unit of power is watts and it is measured by using a watt meter. The meter measures the potential and converts it, using the calibration curve parameters, into a ph value. What is the working principle of energy meter answers.
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